sábado, 26 de diciembre de 2009
Programas 2010
CURSO PANORAMICO DE LITERATURA INGLESA
1er semestre 2010
Título del curso: Visiones Victorianas: imaginarios, interconexiones, alcances y limitaciones de lo visual en la literatura inglesa del apogeo imperial (1850-1885).
Tipo de curso: Teórico-práctico
Responsable del curso: Adj. Lindsey Cordery
Encargadas del curso: Adj. Lindsey Cordery
Otros participantes del curso: Cols. Florencia Morera, Gabriel Lagos, Alicia De León
Horario: miércoles y viernes de 9.30 a 12.30.
Objetivos:
La fascinación de los victorianos por las posibilidades prácticas e imaginativas que les ofrecía la industrialización del vidrio —el “Crystal Palace” se inaugura en 1851— y su producción artesanal, se concreta en nuevas formas de ver y de ver-se desde perspectivas novedosas. En los hogares burgueses proliferan espejos, daguerrotipos, fotografías, que multiplican perspectivas y consignan desdoblamientos y verdades paralelas. Los viajeros, y sobre todo las viajeras, proponen miradas testimoniales (“eye-witnesses”) que complejizan la visión imperial. Las ciencias naturales sugieren, para el victoriano “amateur”, paralelismos con los seres humanos. Lejos de verse en una única y categórica “realidad victoriana”, los variados puntos de vista indican, como lo señaló Benjamín Disraeli, que Inglaterra estaba compuesta por dos naciones muy diferentes. Aspectos políticos, sociales, religiosos y sexuales antes ocultos o desconocidos se consideran desde nuevas perspectivas. La propuesta del curso se remite a explorar textos de la época, tanto “cultos” como “populares” que recogen, promueven, interrogan, inauguran, formas de ver que yuxtaponen e integran artes visuales, ciencia, tecnología y relatos viajeros.
Evaluación (de acuerdo a la reglamentación vigente):
Trabajos prácticos individuales o en equipo.
Dos pruebas parciales, con opción a una tercera de carácter recuperatorio, o bien examen final.
Contenidos
Miradas narradoras: Charles Dickens (Bleak House ,1852)
Apropiación indebida – Mujeres y política: Elizabeth Barrett Browning (Casa Guidi Windows, 1851)
Miradas que vigilan, una narradora que esconde: Charlotte Bronte (Villette 1853)
¿Un cuento de hadas? Cristina Rossetti: Sexualidad en Goblin Market (1862)
Los pre-rafaelitas. Pintura literaria, literatura plástica: Poemarios de Dante Gabriel Rossetti y William Morris
La literatura sensacionalista y el “eye-witness”: Wilkie Collins (The Woman in White, 1860)
Perspectivas que consolidan o interrogan la mirada imperial. Literatura de viaje: Selección de textos.
Surrealismos, niñas pre-freudians, fotografías. Las Alicias de Lewis Carroll (1865)
Personalidades en conflicto: Robert Lewis Stevenson (The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1875)
Bibliografía básica
Armstrong, Isabel. Victorian Glassworlds: Glass Culture and the Imagination 1830-1880. Oxford: OUP, 2008.
Bassnett, Susan. “Travel Writing and Gender”. En: The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing (ed. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs). Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
Buzard, James. The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to "Culture", 1800-1918. Nueva York: Oxford University Press,1993, 2001.
Cox, Don Richard (ed). Sexuality and Victorian Literature. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
Flint, Kate. Victorians and the Visual Imagination. Cambridge: CUP, 2007.
Gilbert, Susan y Gubar, Sandra. The Madwoman in the Attic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978.
Hollander, John. The Gazer´s Spirit: Poems Speaking to Silent Works of Art. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago y Londres, 1995.
Reynolds, Matthew. The Realms of Verse. English Poetry in a Time of Nation-Building. Oxford: OUP, 2001.
Trilling, Lionel y Bloom, Harold. Victorian Prose and Poetry. Nueva York: OUP, 1972.
Link para descargar programa: http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AT7ITtmKRSZ3ZGQydGRwZjVfMWhuMjlyZmhr&hl=es
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEMESTRE PAR
SEMINARIO DE LITERATURA INGLESA
Segundo semestre de 2010
Título del seminario: Victorianos y Posmodernos: relecturas, replanteos, adaptaciones, apropiaciones
Tipo de curso: Seminario
Responsable del curso: Adj. Lindsey Cordery
Encargada del curso: Adj. Lindsey Cordery
Otros participantes del curso: Cols. Alicia De León, Gabriel Lagos, Florencia Morera
Horario: Martes y viernes de 9 a 12
Objetivos
El período victoriano en Gran Bretaña está señado por un auge de grandes relatos que dan cuenta de una sociedad estable, segura de sí misma, poderosa; de una monarquía fuerte, de un Imperio Británico en su máximo esplendor. Sin embargo, dichos “grandes relatos” son cuestionados y rechazados por muchos pensadores de la reciente modernidad. Aún en la literatura de la época, en obras de realismo clásico por excelencia, se disciernen tensiones, ausencias, que parecen solicitar lecturas “a contra pelo.” Desde mediados del siglo veinte, las relecturas y reescrituras en clave de ficción en torno a dicho período, permiten no solamente desmitificar la época en tanto estabilidad y fiabilidad, sino explorar la realidad de nuestro presente, al tiempo que se desmitifica una Academia que pretende dar cuenta del pasado literario y cultural, a través de “grandes relatos” propios. Por medio de lecturas atentas de textos literarios, pero también de películas y de documentos de época, el seminario intentará desarrollar líneas de estudio que permitan una aproximación a quienes serían los “primeros modernos”, desde perspectivas de género, raza, clase social y poscolonialismo.
Evaluación
Para ganar el curso: Asistencia obligatoria, exposición en clase, comprobación de lectura de los textos a estudiar y de materiales críticos fundamentales.
Para aprobar: Presentación de una monografía.
Contenidos
Pasado, presente:
John Fowles: The French Lieutenant´s Woman (1969)
A.S. Byatt: Possession (1989), Angels and Insects (1992)
Peter Carey: Oscar and Lucinda (1988).
Great Expectations de Charles Dickens (1861) como texto generador de múltiples lecturas:
Peter Carey: Jack Maggs (1997); Kathy Acker: Great Expectations (1982); Lloyd Jones: Mr Pip (2006)
Bibliografía básica
Cox, Don Richard (ed). Sexuality and Victorian Literature. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
Darwin, Charles. Selección de textos.
Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and the London Poor (1851) Ed. Victor E. Neuburg. PenguinClassics. Harmondsworth, 1988.
Hobsbawm, Eric. La era del imperio 1875-1914. Buenos Aires: Crítica, 1998.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. Londres: Vintage, 1993.
Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. Londres y Nueva York: Routledge: 2006.
Tew, Phillip. The Contemporary British Novel. Continuum: Londres y Nueva York, 2004.
Link para descargar programa: http://docs.google.com/Doc?docid=0AT7ITtmKRSZ3ZGQydGRwZjVfMDJ3YjU5N2sy&hl=es
jueves, 12 de noviembre de 2009
Las tres versiones de Lady Chatterley's Lover
Fuente: Modern Language Quarterly; Sep82, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp. 267-290
Sobre el autor: Philip Weinstein, profesor de Literatura Inglesa en Swarthmore College, ha publicado numerosos libros, entre los que se incluyen: Henry James and the Requirements of the Imagination (Harvard Press, 1971), The Semantics of Desire: Changing Models of Identity from Dickens to Joyce (Princeton, 1984), Faulkner’s Subject: A Cosmos No One Owns (Cambridge, 1992), What Else But Love? The Ordeal of Race in Faulkner and Morrison (Columbia, 1996) y, más recientemente, Unknowing: The Work of Modernist Fiction (Cornell, 2005).
Link:
http://docs.google.com/fileview?id=0Bz7ITtmKRSZ3OWJiNzY5MmYtMTA1OS00MDkzLTg5ZGQtN2JhMzJmYThiZjQ2&hl=es
viernes, 18 de septiembre de 2009
Lawrence & Joyce
Professor Paul Delany (Simon Fraser University, Canada)
D.H. Lawrence wrote these words on the second of February 1922, when he was preparing to pack up his home in Sicily, turn his back on Europe, and sail around the world. I think they are a good entry into the question of why Lawrence and Joyce must be counted among the great pairs of literary enemies; for what divides them, finally, is their differing attitudes to “this human, too human world” below, and to “the angels and the archangels” above.You know that I need to go away, away, away: yes, yes, I can’t go on here anymore. You know there are always the angels and the archangels, thrones, powers, cherubims, seraphims--the whole choir there. But here these baptised beasts always make themselves heard, these and nothing else. I’m going away from here. Walking one arrives: if not to the grave, at least a little bit outside this human, too human world. (Letters IV, 185)
A few notes, first, on how much these adversaries knew about each other’s work. Joyce was certainly prejudiced against Lawrence, both as a writer and as an Englishman, but probably knew more of him by hearsay than by close reading. In June 1918 he asked his agent, J.B. Pinker, to get him a copy of the American edition of Women in Love (Letters I 115). The publisher, Huebsch, was being very careful about distributing copies, and Joyce may never have received the copy he ordered (Delany 166-167). The only other Lawrence book we know Joyce looked at was Lady Chatterley’s Lover, and he probably did not look at it for very long (Selected Letters 359). Lawrence does not seem to have taken any interest in Joyce before 1922, and there is no sign that he ever read Dubliners or Portrait. Then, the publicity surrounding the publication of Ulysses caught his attention and in July 1922, while living in Australia, he wrote to S.S. Koteliansky that "I shall be able to read this famous Ulysses when I get to America. I doubt (i.e. I suspect) he's a trickster." Lawrence was writing Kangaroo at the time, and said of it: “but such a novel! Even the Ulysseans will spit at it” (Letters IV, 275). He finally got hold of a borrowed copy of Ulysses in New Mexico in November 1922, and sent it back eight days later with the comment:
The needle of personal rivalry is already evident, reflecting Lawrence’s uneasiness that he and Joyce had become strange bedfellows as the two most notorious banned authors in English. Lawrence’s literary judgement of the novel was guarded: "Ulysses wearied me: so like a schoolmaster with dirt and stuff in his head: sometimes good, though: but too mental" (Letters IV, 345). Lawrence would return regularly to this criticism of Joyce as someone who achieved his effects in too conscious a way. Two months after reading Ulysses he wrote “Surgery for the Novel –or a Bomb,” and spoke of the “death-rattle” of the “serious” novel:"I am sorry, but I am one of the people who can't read Ulysses. Only bits. But I am glad I have seen the book, since in Europe they usually mention us together--James Joyce and D.H. Lawrence--and I feel I ought to know in what company I creep to immortality. I guess Joyce would look as much askance on me as I on him. We make a choice of Paola and Francesca floating down the winds of hell."
When Lawrence came to read part of “Work in Progress,” in the summer of 1928, he felt that Joyce was going much further down the wrong path: "Somebody sent me Transition - American number - that Paris modernissimo periodical, James Joyce and Gertrude Stein, etc. What a stupid olla podrida of the Bible and so forth James Joyce is: just stewed-up fragments of quotation in the sauce of a would-be-dirty mind.” Early in 1929 Harry Crosby tried to arrange a meeting between the two men, but Joyce refused. In whatever circle they inhabit on the opposite shore, presumably they are still passing each other without the tribute of recognition.“Did I feel a twinge in my little toe, or didn’t I?” asks every character of Mr. Joyce or of Miss Richardson or M. Proust. . . . Through thousands and thousands of pages Mr. Joyce and Miss Richardson tear themselves to pieces, strip their smallest emotions to the finest threads, till you feel you are sewed inside a wool mattress that is being slowly shaken up, and you are turning to wool along with the rest of the woolliness.
It’s awful. And it’s childish. It really is childish, after a certain age, to be absorbedly self-conscious.
(Lawrence, Criticism 114-115)
It would need a book to do justice to the rivalry between these two near-contemporaries whose literary careers and personal histories have so much in common, yet who remain so deeply opposed. In this brief essay I attempt only to identify two major points of contention: realism as a method and sexuality as a subject.
Much in Lawrence’s judgement of Joyce derives from the assumption that Joyce was the inheritor of 19th century realism. Lawrence’s most eloquent statement on this tradition comes in his discussion of Flaubert:
Now if you substitute Molly and Leopold for Emma and Charles I think you have essentially the same point, though Lawrence would not be so generous to Joyce as to Flaubert. And how might one respond in Joyce’s defense? First, that Joyce’s “profound sense” is comic rather than tragic, and that Ulysses is not a nihilistic work, as Madame Bovary perhaps is. Second, that ordinary life is quite heroic enough for Joyce, provided one pays sufficiently close and respectful attention to it. Bloom may not be much bigger intrinsically than Charles Bovary, or Bouvard and Pécuchet; but he is imagined with affection rather than scorn, and that makes all the difference. Third, that the special effect of Ulysses depends on Molly and Bloom having “something of the hero” without being conscious of it, as Lawrence would want. Their greatness lies, in other words, precisely in their lack of consciousness--we see the classical parallel, but they mustn’t.Realism is just one of the arbitrary views man takes of man. It sees us all as little ant-like creatures toiling against the odds of circumstance. . . . I think the inherent flaw in Madame Bovary is that individuals like Emma and Charles Bovary are too insignificant to carry the full weight of Gustave Flaubert’s profound sense of tragedy . . . Emma and Charles Bovary are two ordinary persons, chosen because they are ordinary. But Flaubert is by no means an ordinary person. Yet he insists on pouring his own deep and bitter tragic consciousness into the little skins of the country doctor and his dissatisfied wife. . . .
the human soul has supreme joy in true, vivid consciousness. And Flaubert’s soul has this joy. But Emma Bovary’s soul does not, poor thing, because she was deliberately chosen because her soul was ordinary. . . .
[Yet] Even Emma Bovary has a certain extraordinary female energy of restlessness and unsatisfied desire. So that both Flaubert and Verga allow their heroes something of the hero, after all. The one thing they deny them is the consciousness of heroic effort.
(Phoenix II 281-282)
When we turn to the sexual opposition between Joyce and Lawrence, we need to fill in the background of the former’s sly deflations and the latter’s dismissive outbursts. Lawrence was two years dead when Joyce called the ending of Lady Chatterley’s Lover “propaganda in favour of something which, outside of D.H.L.’s country at any rate, makes all the propaganda for itself” (Selected Letters 359). What Joyce did not know was that Connie Chatterley seems to have been conceived deliberately as the antidote to Molly Bloom!
One can make a joke of this, saying that Lawrence liked the idea of Ulysses –“lusty woman has impotent husband, takes lover”– but not the way it was written up. But there is a serious point at issue, concerning the treatment of sexuality in nineteenth century realism. Lawrence found that treatment a deliberate narrowing of human potential; whereas Joyce accepts realism’s fundamental project of documenting, without moral preconceptions, people’s everyday behavior.“The last part of [Ulysses],” Lawrence burst out, “is the dirtiest, most indecent, obscene thing ever written. Yes it is, Frieda. It is filthy. . . . This Ulysses muck is more disgusting than Casanova. I must show that it can be done without muck.”
(Mackenzie 167)
Joyce regards with equanimity every possible sexual act that is freely chosen; but he does not stop there. His interest in the body is also a moral stance, taken up against the orthodox Christian hostility to “mere” flesh. More heretic than scientist, Joyce becomes a Manichean in reverse, preferring the flesh that affirms to the spirit that denies. Courting Marthe Fleischmann, he reminds her that “Jésus Christ a pris son corps humain: dans le ventre d’une femme juive” (Selected Letters 233). It is by woman’s flesh, and especially her secret inner parts, that a world fallen into negation can be redeemed. At the same time, Joyce is fascinated by woman’s double nature, combining the carnal with the transcendent. His sexual epiphanies are moments when the woman displays both qualities intensely and simultaneously. The whore in Portrait, for example, is a priestess of the body. A real priest would raise the host up to heaven then bring it down into the mouth of the communicant, who kneels below him. But the whore puts something even more potent into Stephen’s mouth: her own tongue, in a direct communion of flesh with flesh.
In the vision of the bird-girl, and in the erotic letters to Nora, Joyce excites himself with a sacred love-object who displays for him her profane functions of excretion; the most intense sexual experience is one that mingles, sacrilegiously, the most exalted with the most vulgar. Yet Joyce’s sexuality remains Catholic, in the sense of universal: it includes every possible means of communion between men and women, whether high or low. His letter to Nora of 2 December 1909 is a classic expression of his need to reconcile sacred and profane love: “side by side and inside this spiritual love I have for you there is also a wild beast-like craving for every inch of your body, for every secret and shameful part of it, for every odour and act of it.”
For Joyce, then, the spiritual idea adds spice to the raw hungers of sensuality; and this is precisely what offends the Lawrentian sexual ethic. The episodes I have discussed would be for Lawrence prime examples of “sex in the head,” the subordination of the physical act to a sophisticated consciousness of it. In Women in Love, Birkin tells Hermione: “You don’t want to be an animal, you want to observe your own animal functions, to get a mental thrill out of them” (41). The Lawrentian ideal of immediacy is the opposite of Joyce’s “working up” of sexuality within a cultural and religious symbolic system. Hence Lawrence’s complaint that Ulysses was “too mental” (Letters IV 345). In Finnegans Wake he found a progression of the disease, “too terribly would-be and done-on-purpose, utterly without spontaneity or real life” (CL VI 548).
“Real life,” for Lawrence, means striking through the mask of culture to get as close as possible to “the thing itself.” Joyce, on the other hand, accepts that reality is inescapably textual. Stephen’s maxim that absence is the highest form of presence argues that representations are more potent than whatever they are taken to represent. In sexual relations, Joyce dwells obsessively on indirect or incomplete modes of consummation; he is fascinated by everything that may intervene between desire and performance. A partial list of these intermediate conditions would include idealization (of the woman), fantasies of the inaccessible other, voyeurism, fetishism (of garments, symbols, the written word), fear of exposure, surrogate or vicarious satisfaction, complaisance, jealousy, the incest taboo, impotence. Most of these conditions can be found also in Joyce’s personal sexual history.
Lawrence did not read Joyce closely enough to appreciate the full extent of his rejection of sexual immediacy. But he read enough to support a psychic indictment, that in Joyce the worm of consciousness preys on the living flesh of desire. To this Lawrence adds a moral judgement, directed against the demotic quality of sex in Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. When Lawrence was twenty-two, he told a congregational minister that he had “believed for many years that the Holy Ghost descended and took conscious possession of the 'elect’ –the converted one” (CL I 39). Lawrence ceased being a chapel-going orthodox Christian in his late teens; but there persisted in his emotional makeup much of the Calvinist division of mankind into the elect and the preterite (those who are without grace and rejected by God). Not unlike Joyce, Lawrence dares to be a heretic, by making sexual union the center of his heterodox religion. But Joyce makes all sex sacramental in some degree – even, and especially, such stigmatized practices as prostitution or masturbation; Lawrence makes distinctions and excludes. In Lawrence’s neo-Calvinist morality, sex becomes the predominant means and sign of grace; but, by the same token, the wrong kind of sex is the mark of preterition. From this comes Lawrence’s preoccupation with the signs of sexual grace, such as the proper correspondence between the man’s and the woman’s desire. And just as in the orthodox Calvinist tradition, determining the exact degree of grace in the soul becomes an esoteric art. There is also a Calvinist anxiety about salvation, though now associated with sexual instead of explicitly religious consciousness.
My general point here is that sexuality in both authors demonstrates the subtle complicity between Modernism and religion; Modernism might even be considered a religious revival, challenging the Victorian idea that religion would wither away and be replaced by science. Yet Joyce and Lawrence are firmly heterodox; it almost seems that they preserve religion because it enables heresy, perversion, and sacrilege. Within Catholicism, the use of ritual for profane purposes goes back to medieval love-poetry, and reaches its formal limit in the Marquis de Sade; Joyce’s erotic letters to Nora continue and extend this tradition. For Joyce, before there can be sweets, there must be sin. Calvinism has a different interplay between rule and transgression. There, Lawrence is best understood as an antinomian: one who believes that the elect are incapable of sin, following Titus i.15: “Unto the pure all things are pure.” In the antinomian system, the same act may be sinful, or blameless; it all depends on whether the person acting is in a state of grace. Lawrence applies a similar rule to sexual acts. His antinomianism is most evident in his treatment of extreme or “unnatural” practices, such as anal intercourse. This can be sign of preterition, for acquaintances like J.M. Keynes (Letters II 320-321) or for the decadent Loerke in Women in Love. But for Will and Anna in Women in Love, or for Mellors and Connie in Lady Chatterley’s Lover, it is the most forbidden acts that confirm their love and raise them above the common run of humanity (Rainbow 218-220; Lady Chatterley 258-259).
When Lawrence says “I hate sex, it is such a limitation,” I think he is concerned with the unequal distribution of grace: sex is the most promising way of escaping this “human, all too human world,” yet it too often fails to provide enough lift. Hence Lawrence’s obsession with distinguishing between good sex and bad sex--that is, between the sacred and the profane. Joyce, on the other hand, wants the sacred and profane to merge, in bed, chamber pot, or individual pair of trousers. By Lawrence’s standards, all of Bloom’s sex is spectacularly bad--and Molly’s too, if for different reasons. But Joyce, like Father Conmee (U 184), blesses on regardless; and this Lawrence cannot forgive.
Notes
1. Letters IV, 340. The reference to Dante’s Paolo and Francesca (Inferno, V) is unclear. They are still united in death; Lawrence must have been thinking either of Francesca’s hatred for the husband who murdered them, Giovanni da Malatesta (who was still alive when Dante composed the episode), or of some other pair who keep up their rivalry beyond the grave, such as Ulysses and Ajax (Odyssey xi, 543ff.).
2. Women in Love was banned in 1915; in 1921 it was re-issued in the U.S. by subscription. Women in Love was privately published in the U.S. in 1920; an expurgated English edition appeared in the following year. In July 1922 copies of Women in Love were seized from the New York office of Lawrence’s publisher, Thomas Seltzer, though in September the book was cleared for sale.
3. Letters VI, 507. Olla podrida: a spicy stew of meat and vegetables. The issue was presumably Transition 13 (Summer 1928), containing “Continuation of a Work in Progress,” revised as Finnegans Wake III.ii.
4. I am assuming here that the bird-girl encourages Stephen to watch her urinate. See Joyce’s confession to Gertrude Kaempffer that his first sexual experience was similarly provoked; also H.C.E.’s “sin in the park” (Ellmann 418-419).
5. (Selected Letters 180-181). For Lawrence, Joyce’s scatological interests prove his disgust with the body: “And now, man has begun to be overwhelmingly conscious of the repulsiveness of his neighbour, particularly of the physical repulsiveness. There it is, in James Joyce, in Aldous Huxley, in André Gide, in modern Italian novels like Parigi –in all the very modern novels, the dominant note is the repulsiveness, intimate physical repulsiveness of human flesh” (Criticism 410-411). But I think Lawrence fails to see that the repulsion he feels in reading Joyce is his own, rather than the author’s. Seated “above his own rising smell,” Bloom remains “calm” (Ulysses 56). Joyce, too, relishes the body as it is –whereas Lawrence, much of the time, wrinkles his nose.
6. See, for example, Compton Mackenzie’s testimony: “What worried him particularly was his inability to attain consummation simultaneously with his wife, which according to him must mean that their marriage was still imperfect in spite of all they had both gone through” (167-168). Mellors makes a similar complaint about his first marriage.
Works Cited
Delany, Paul. D.H. Lawrence’s Nightmare: The Writer and His Circle in the Years of the Great War. New York: Basic Books, 1978.
Ellmann, Richard. James Joyce. New and Revised Edition. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1983.
Joyce, James. Letters of James Joyce. Volume I. Edited by Stuart Gilbert. New York: Viking, 1966.
_______ . Selected Letters of James Joyce. Edited by Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking, 1975.
_______ . Ulysses. Edited by Hans Walter Gabler. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986.
Lawrence, D.H. Lady Chatterley’s Lover. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961.
_______ . The Letters of D.H. Lawrence: Volume I. Edited by James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1979.
_______ . The Letters of D.H. Lawrence: Volume II. Edited by George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.
_______ . The Letters of D.H. Lawrence: Volume IV. Edited by Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.
_______ . The Letters of D.H. Lawrence: Volume VI. Edited by James T. Boulton and Margaret H. Boulton, with Gerald M. Lacy. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.
_______ . Phoenix II. Edited by Warren Roberts and Harry T. Moore. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978.
_______ . Women in Love. Edited by Mark Kinkead-Weekes. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989.
_______ . Selected Literary Criticism. Edited by Anthony Beal. New York: Viking, 1956.
_______ . Women in Love. Edited by David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey, and John Worthen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987.
Mackenzie, Compton. My Life and Times: Octave V 1915-1923. London: Chatto & Windus, 1966.
jueves, 17 de septiembre de 2009
D.H. Lawrence: A Collection of Critical Essays
THE MAJOR NOVELS
On Sons and Lovers – Dorothy Van Ghent
The Originality of The Rainbow – Marvin Mudrick
Women in Love and Death – Mark Schorer
The Plumed Serpent: Vision and Language – Harry T. Moore
Lady Chatterley's Lover: The Deed of Life – Julian Moynahan
THE TALES
The Continuity of Lawrence's Short Novels – Monroe Engel
Lawrence's Quarrel with Christianity: “The Man Who Died” – Graham Hough
Ritual Form in "The Blind Man" – Mark Spilka
A Rocking-horse: The Symbol, the Pattern, the Way to Live – W. D. Snodgrass
OTHER GENRES
Poet without a Mask – V. de S. Pinto
The Plays of D. H. Lawrence – Arthur Waterman
Criticism as Rage: D. H. Lawrence – Richard Foster
Lawrence's Social Writings – Raymond Williams
Link para acceder a descarga:
http://www.archive.org/details/dhlawrenceacolle002057mbp
sábado, 5 de septiembre de 2009
Artículo de Victoria Ocampo sobre D.H. Lawrence
(David Herbert Lawrence)
Victoria Ocampo
En su artículo «El caos en la poesía», que se publicó en diciembre de 1929, es decir, tres meses antes de su muerte, Lawrence nos habla con insistencia del caos en que nadamos: caos del mundo exterior e interior, al que en vano decoramos con el nombre de Cosmos, conciencia, espíritu, civilización, etc. Pero el hombre, afirma, tiene terror al caos. Y entonces, para defenderse de él, interpone una sombrilla abierta entre sí y el eterno Maëlstrom. «Hecho esto -prosigue Lawrence- pinta en el interior de su sombrilla un firmamento... El hombre erige un edificio maravilloso de su propia creación entre sí y el caos salvaje, y luego se anemia y se asfixia debajo de su quitasol. Surge entonces un poeta, enemigo de la convención, hiende la sombrilla y ¡milagro! el caos revelado es una visión, una ventana abierta al sol». Y más adelante añade: «Llégase ahora el momento en que la conciencia humana, aterrorizada, pero infinitamente suficiente, tiene al fin que someterse y reconocer que forma parte del vasto y poderoso caos vivo. Abriremos otras sombrillas. Son ellas una necesidad de nuestra conciencia. Pero no podremos abrir ya nunca más la sombrilla Absoluta, sea ella religiosa, o moral, o racional, o científica, o práctica».
-¿En quién se puede confiar, de quién fiarse en este mundo? -decía Somers con voz tajante y dura-. Vea usted estos australianos... Son muy simpáticos, pero no tienen nada adentro. ¡Están huecos! ¿Cómo va usted a edificar con cañas huecas? Son maravillosos, y viriles, e independientes por fuera, pero por dentro no lo son. Cuando están completamente a solas, no existen.-Sin embargo, muchos de ellos han estado largo tiempo a solas en el «bush» -dijo Kangaroo, observando a su visitante con mirada lenta, muda, invariable.-¿Solos? Pero ¿qué clase de soledad? Físicamente a solas. Y se han hecho huecos. No están nunca solos en espíritu: completamente, completamente solos. Y las gentes que lo están son las únicas gentes en quienes se puede confiar.-Aquí no. Y creo incluso que aquí menos que en cualquiera otra parte. Las colonias favorecen una especie de «outwardness», de vida hacia afuera. Todo es en ellas externo... como las cañas huecas del maíz. La vida lo torna inevitable. Toda esa lucha por las necesidades materiales... El alma interior se marchita y sale al exterior y son todos robustas cañas huecas.-Las cañas del maíz sostienen también el grano. Me parecen generosas, locamente generosas. La más grande de las cualidades. El viejo mundo es prudente y está eternamente ocupado en regateos de alma. Aquí no se toma uno el trabajo de regatear.-No tienen alma en torno a la cual regatear. Pero están más llenos aun de suficiencia que en otra parte cualquiera. ¿Qué pretende usted hacer con esta gente? ¿Edificar un castillo de paja?-¡Son generosos, locamente generosos! -gritó Kangaroo-. Y yo los quiero. Los quiero. No venga usted aquí a difamarlos. Son mis hijos, los quiero. Si no creo en su generosidad ¿voy a creer, entonces, en la prudencia de usted, fruto de un viejo mundo, y en su modo de difamarlos? ¡No! -gritó furiosamente-. ¡No! ¿Entiende usted?-Entonces, hágame usted creer en ellos y en su generosidad -dijo Somers secamente-. Son muy simpáticos, convengo en ello. Pero no tienen el último, el duradero pedazo de alma central, de alma solitaria que permite a un hombre ser él mismo. El pedazo central de sí mismo. Desbordan al exterior huidos del centro. Y ¿qué se puede hacer de permanente con esa gente? Usted puede hacer que una caña de maíz arda. Pero en cuanto a la permanencia...-Y yo le contesto a usted que le tengo horror a lo permanente -ladró Kangaroo-. El Fénix renace de sus cenizas.-¡Me alegro! ¡Pero, como She, de Ridder Haggard, prefiero yo no intentar la cosa por segunda vez! -dijo Somers, como buena serpiente venenosa que era.-¡Hombres generosos, generosos! -dijo Kangaroo entre dientes para sí-. Por lo menos, se puede sacar de ellos una llamarada. No pasa como con los fósforos europeos de ustedes, tan mojados que no se volverá a sacar nunca más una chispa de ellos... usted mismo lo ha declarado.-No me importa -aulló Kangaroo poniéndose en pie de un salto, y plantándose frente a Somers, y asiéndole de los hombros, y zarandeándole sin dejar de gritar.-No me importa. Le digo a usted que no me importa. Donde hay fuego, hay mutación. Y donde el fuego es amor, hay creación. Simientes de fuego. ¡Con eso me basta! Fuego y simientes de fuego y amor. Eso es todo lo que me importa. No venga usted a difamarme, le digo. No venga usted a difamarme con su viejo y húmedo espíritu europeo. Si usted no puede encenderse, nosotros sí podemos. Y nada más. Hombres generosos y apasionados... y se atreve usted a difamarlos... usted.
Sur [Publicaciones periódicas]. Otoño 1932, Año II, Buenos Aires.
[1] Era la clase de muchacho que se convierte en un clown o un patán en cuanto no se le entiende o siente que le tienen en menos; y, en cambio, es adorable en una atmósfera cálida.
[2] El hombre es un aventurero del pensamiento; lo que no es lo mismo que decir que el hombre tiene intelecto.
[3] Ser un hombre, arriesgar uno primero su cuerpo y su sangre, y arriesgar luego la mente. Arriesgar uno todo el tiempo su yo conocido y volverse una vez más un yo que no hubiéramos nunca podido conocer ni esperar.
[4] La admisión por el espíritu consciente de los derechos del cuerpo y del instinto a fin de concederles no una existencia disminuida, sino iguales honores que los suyos.
[5] El hombre es un animal que piensa. Para ser un ser humano de primer orden, un hombre tiene que ser simultáneamente un animal de primer orden y un pensador de primer orden. (E incidentalmente no puede ser un pensador de primer orden, por lo menos en lo que atañe a las cuestiones humanas, como no sea también un animal de primer orden).
[6] Sí; yo creo que quizá la perfección animal amengua la otra perfección. Un hecho deprimente, pero puede ser que la bioquímica logre no hacerlo inevitable. Sospecho tristemente que la química hará mucho más para el espíritu que todas las religiones, sistemas educacionales, éticas, etc.
[7] Tenemos que jurar amarnos el uno al otro, tú y yo -dice Rupert a Gerald en Women in love- implícitamente y perfectamente, finalmente, sin posibilidad de volver atrás.
[8] Quiero un amor que sea como el sueño.
[9] La tierra que ha sido humanizada de cabo a rabo.
[10] Una sensación definitiva de esterilidad nos invade. Todo está ya trabajado, todo ya conocido: connu, connu.
[11] Tierras no trabajadas, no conocidas aún, donde la sal no ha perdido su sabor.
[12] Tres meses de multa por haber abjurado de Europa. Tres meses para acostumbrarse a esa tierra de la Cruz del Sur. ¡Cruz en verdad! ¡Una nueva crucifixión!
[13] En este lugar abierto y en esta libertad un nuevo caes; un desorden de bungalows y de latas desparramadas a lo largo de kilómetros; lo inglés desmigajado hasta perder su forma y volverse caos.
[14] Libertado de las viejas presiones y los estrechos contralores del mundo de los compartimientos estancos.
[15] A romper en un frenesí desbordante de loca generosidad o un deseo aún más loco de hacerlo todo trizas.
[16] Se siente que no se puede ver... Como si los ojos no tuvieran la capacidad de visión correspondiente al paisaje exterior. Este paisaje es tan borroso, semejante a un rostro sin rasgos salientes, ¡un rostro negro! Es en tal grado aborigen, está tan fuera de nuestro alcance y cuelga a tanta distancia.
[17] Importa si se puede dar arranque a una nueva forma de vida.